Thursday, November 19, 2020

Geology Boards Study Tips

It's so weird for me when I receive emails asking for studying tips. Nakakatawa kasi, di ba? Sa top notcher na kayo magtanong, lol. But I guess, kung may maitutulong din naman ako, why not?

I decided to write some parts of this in Filipino. Para naman 'di ako ma-pressure sa letseng grammar. Anyway...

I've asked colleagues kung sino na ba yung bagong members of the board (PRC website not loading earlier for me). It turns out, sila Dr. Billedo pa rin and Dr. Austria (Sir Pena, you're missed! 😔😔). Knowing this, may maiaambag naman siguro ako regarding my experience last 2017. 


1. Be familiar with the members of the board.

Nung una, hesitant din ako umattend sa pa-event ni UP kung saan ipapakilala nila yung gumawa ng exams. Hindi ko gusto yung mga ganung events, daming tao pero kasi lahat sinasabi na may mapupulot ka dun and pwede magtanong sa kanila.

Knowing their backgrounds, most likely, ii-incorporate nila yung mga yun sa exams. Nandun pa nun si Sir Pena so gigil talaga kami sa GOP nung Day 1. Ewan ko kung may ibi-break akong oath about sharing dun sa tidbits nung exam last 2017 pero yung mga tanungan nun re: GOP ganito:

* si X formation ay part ng Zamboanga-Misamis Occidental na may age na early to middle Miocene. Anong formation yung counterpart nya when it comes to age sa Marinduque Islands?

Legit, napa-WTF ako nung nabasa ko yun. Haha. Moving on.


2. Give yourself enough time to study.

 Ito yung biggest ragret ko nung bago at pagkatapos kong mag-board. Pagkatapos pa lang ata ng graduation nung iba ng March-April, nag-aaral na sila. Ito yung wise move siguro or depende sa retention capacity and capability mo. Ako, Octoberian ako, wala talaga akong excuse kung bakit di ako nakapag-aral ng maayos kasi the following year na ako nag-take.

Ganito yung study plan ko:

August - 2nd week of October - 1 hr a day of reading

3rd -4th week of October - 8 hours a day

Kung gusto niyo talaga na lahat nabasa niyo, start early. Basic pero most of us are procrastinators.


3. Read the Geology BibleS

Kung aattend kayo ng CWM review, maririnig-rinig niyo mula sa kawalan yung pagbasa ng Earth Mat. Hindi ko masabi na recommended ni CWM kasi di ako sure kung nabanggit ba nila 'to pero lagi kong naririnig to nun. 

Wala naman problema si Earth Mat. Yung writing style nga lang nya sobrang serious. At least nung tina-try ko kunwari na basahin yung Structural Geology ni Fossen, napapatawa nya pa ako ng slight. 'Di mo mai-experience yung ganun sa Earth Mat.

Binasa ko pa rin sya though AFTER basahin si Essentials. Big mistake. Parehas lang laman nila. Mas eloquently put lang talaga si Earth Mat tsaka di ko masyadong na-enjoy. Damang-dama ko yung bigat ng mundo nung binasaba ko yun. Nahihiya akong tawaging dumb-down version si Essentials pero baka sya yung Geology for Dummies.

So yung dalawa for Day 1 and of course, GOP. Hindi ka geologist ng Pilipinas kung di mo knows by heart and soul yung GOP. Char.

Sa totoo lang, 'di ko maalala sinong author nung Rocks and Minerals na libro na meron ako pero yun yung ubos lagi sa National Bookstore nun dati. Parang Amazing Race nun nung naghahanap ng libro na yun. Tinatamad akong halungkatin sa gamit ko pero parang yung Scholastic version yun. I-post ko na lang ulit kapag naglinis ako pero yun na yung pinaka-basic tapos may picture pa.

When it comes to Mineralogy, hands down and itataya ko pangalan ko, enough na si Introduction to Mineralogy ni Nesse. 'Pag natapos mo 'tong libro na 'to, mataas ang chance na makaka-survive ka sa Day 2. Sobrang thankful ko na ito yung napili kong tapusin.

Tip: If you can memorize chemical formulas, you should. May mga tanong dati na ganito: Sa Chlorite group, anong mineral ang may Zinc? Shookt ako, teh.

Day 2: Introduction to Mineralogy by William Nesse and Rocks and Minerals Guidebook.

Aside from the mentioned books here, for day 3, get crazy! Wala akong mare-recommend kasi sobrang random talaga. Better prep din for some metallurgy. May mga lumabas nun sa amin.


Kapag may naisip pa ako, dagdagan ko.




Tuesday, November 17, 2020

[Notes] Petroleum Geology Part 10

 Yung kailangan mong malaman every exam sa Petro - Philippines Edition


Forearc Basins

- Agusan-Davao Basin

- Bicol Shelf

- Central Luzon

- Ilocos Trough (walang pumick-up sa reporting kasi walang data)

- West Luzon Basin

- West Masbate-Iloilo Basin


Rift Basin

- Mindoro-Cuyo Basin

- Recto Bank Basin

- Northwest Palawan

- Southwest Palawan

- East Palawan


Back arc Basin

- Cotabato Basin

- Cagayan Basin

- Sulu Sea Basin

- Southeast Luzon Basin

- Visayan Basin

Monday, November 16, 2020

[Notes] Petroleum Geology Part 9

Three Main Stages of the Evolution of OM

1. Diagenesis

2. Catagenesis

3. Metagenesis


Diagenesis

- shallow depths

- microbial activity & compaction predominate

- transformation starts:

     *biochemical degradation

     *polycondensation

     *insolubilization

- first million years

- stage that composition of the kerogen & geochemical fossil is determined


Catagenesis

- OM increasing temperatures

- Microbial activity ceases

- oil, wet gas and methane is produced

- principal zone of oil and wet gas formation


Metagenesis

- occurs at great depths

- coal transformation to anthracite

- 200-400 million years

- cracking occurs in this stage

- no interest (dry gas & thermal methane)

- post-mature and pre-metamorphism stage


Sunday, November 15, 2020

[Notes] Petroleum Geology Part 8

 Summary of Kerogen Type

Type I            Algal Kerogen (Alginite)

Type II           Formed from lipid components (Exinite)

Type III         Woody Kerogen (Vitrinite)

Type IV         Eroded or reworked OM (Inertinite)


Type I

- waxy & cuticular material

- derived largely from algal material enriched in lipids due to microbial alteration

- hydrogen-rich

- small volume of preserved OM

- Oil will be generated


Type II

- less waxy or cuticle material

- bacteria, phytoplankton, zooplankton & minor amounts of terrigenous OM like spores and pollens

- hydrogen-rich

- more abundant than Type I

- Oil and gas will be generated


Type III

- few, if any, ester groups or aliphatic chains

- terrestrial higher plants & their parts, ie. wood, cellulose, lignin, vitrinite & huminite

- hydrogen-poor

- along continental margin

- Gas will be generated (coal)


Type IV

-  highly-oxidized inertinitic

- either oxidation of OM during deposition or degradation due to diagenetic transformation

- OM from Type III

- only gas during the later stage of maturity





 

Saturday, November 14, 2020

[Notes] Petroleum Geology Part 7

 Bitumen

- organic material in sed rocks which is SOLUBLE in ordinary organic solvents

- oil-like part of OM (mobile)

- product of the partial conversion of kerogen as a result of aging temperature and passing time

- lower molecular weight


Kerogen

- INSOLUBLE in ordinary organic solvents

- carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and sulfur

- most important


Types of Kerogen

Maceral                                Kerogen Type                            Original OM

Alginite                                         I                                       freshwater algae

Exinite                                          II                                        pollen spores

Cutinite                                         II                                       land-plant cuticle

Resinite                                        II                                        land-plant resins

Liptinite                                        II                                      all land-plant lipids; marine algae

Vitrinite                                        III                                      woody & cellulosic material from land                                                                                                         plants

Inertinite                                        IV                                    charcoal; highly-oxidized; reworked                                                                                                             materials of any origin


Detailed notes to follow......

Friday, November 13, 2020

[Notes] Petroleum Geology Part 6

Oil & Gas

- comes from organic matter (OM) through transformation involving heat and geologic time


Source Rocks

- capable of generating oil & gas

- must be:

        * rich in organic content

        * mature enough to expel the oil or gas


Organic Matter

- material composed of organic molecules

- all organic matter was originally atmospheric CO2


3.1 -3.3 BYA - oldest form of organic life

3.7 - 4 BYA - oldest know rocks


Pre-Cambrian to Devonian - marine phytoplankton

Devonian - increasing amount from terrestrial sources


4 Contributors of OM

1. Phytoplankton

2. Zooplanktons

3. Higher plants

4. Bacteria


Sequence of OM

- Production

- Accumulation

- Preservation


Production of OM

- controlled by LIGHT, TEMPERATURE & CHEMICAL COMPOSITION of sea water

- 60 to 80 meters (large part of biological production)

- coastal waters 2x as that of open seas productivity


Accumulation & Preservation of OM

- restricted to an aquatic environment

- to high energy level causes erosion & high sed rate

- to low, little sed supplied to bury the OM

- anoxic environment

- fine-grained more favorable

- continental shelf: lagoons, estuaries and deep basins


Thursday, November 12, 2020

[Notes] Petroleum Geology Part 5

 Viscosity

- Internal friction of fluid

Color

- light (paraffinic oils)

- brown to black (asphalt base oil)


*Apologies again. My notes are terrible. Haha


Carbonate Reservoirs

*Limestone and dolomite

* 40% world oil reserves (as of 2017, but you can check)

*30% world gas reserves (as of 2017, but you can check)

(all other in sandstone reservoirs)


Carbonates
- shallow, tropical, marine waters
- saturated w/ CaCO3
- Factors controlling carbonate sedimentation
    *warmth
    *light
    *water movement
-begins as skeletal assemblage

Non-skeletal components of carbonate reservoir rocks
* lime muds
* coated grains
* fecal pellets
* lumps
* detrital grains

Carbonate Rock Classification
* Boundstone - components were bound together
* Grainstone - lacks mud; grain supported
* Packstone - grains supported
* Wackestone - more than 10% grains
* Mudstone - less than 10% grains

Carbonate depositional model
1. Carbonate shelf model - commonest, very shallow
2. Carbonate ramp model - no prominent break in slope; much less common
3. Carbonate shelf model - thru time





Wednesday, November 11, 2020

[Notes] Petroleum Geology Part 4

 Basic Component

- Mixture of hydrocarbons

- Hydrocarbons series

        * paraffine or methane series

        *naphthene series


Natural Gas

- Hydrocarbons not condensable at 20 degrees C

3 Distinct Origins of Natural Gas

- By-product of the generation of oil

- modification of coal

- formed by low-temperature alteration of organic matter (marsh gas)


API Gravities

>30            light

30-22        medium

<22            heavy



Again, sorry for this. Really weird fragments of notes.




Tuesday, November 10, 2020

[Notes] Petroleum Geology Part 3


Permeability

- Property of a medium that allows fluid to pass thru without change in the structure or displacement of its parts

<1.0-15                Poor to fair

15-50                    Moderate

50-250                Good

250-1000            Very good

>1000                  Excellent


Cap rock or seal

- ductile sed rocks (clay and shales)


I am really sorry about this notes. I couldn't figure out why the hell I wrote it this way back then. Haha. I'm such an idiot but I still hope that you'll get something out from this.

Monday, November 9, 2020

[Notes] Petroleum Geology Part 2

 Porosity = (bulk volume - grain volume)/bulk volume x 100

Range of Porosity in %

  1. 0-5 - negligible
  2. 5-10 - poor
  3. 10-15 - fair
  4. 15-20 - good
  5. 20+ - very good
Nature of Porosity

1. Primary
- rock possesses this at the end of its depositional phase
- void of unaltered, fractured or dissolved grains
- depends on:
        * degree of uniformity
        * shapes of grains
        * packing
        * effects of compaction, during and after deposition

2. Secondary
- additional void space due to post-depositional or diagenetic processes

Rock samples
1. Sandstones - compaction, contact-solution and redeposition and to cementation
2. Carbonates - modification by solution, recrystallization, fracturing and cementation


Sunday, November 8, 2020

[Notes] Petroleum Geology

 Oil Fields

  • Galoc Production Company (Galoc SC-14)
  • Blade Petroleum (Cadlao SC-6)
  • West Linapacan (Pitkin SC-14)
  • Philodrill Corp (Matinloc Complex SC-14)
  • Philodrill Corp (Nido SC-14)
Gas Fields
  • Malampaya
  • San Antonio
  • Libertad
Field Sampling
  • Source and Reservoir Rocks
  • Oil Samples
  • Gas Samples
Petroleum Geochemistry
- application of chemical tools in the assessment of indigenous petroleum resource potential

Factors
  1. Type of Organic Matter
  2. Age and depositional Environment
  3. Maturity
  4. Biodegradation
Tools in Petroleum Exploration
- Geophysical Studies seismic
1. seismic survey
2. Geophysical data increase signal to noise ratio